Literature and Cinema Essay

Life is a Theme of Literature, Literature is the declaration of Life. Life styles Literature and Literature molds Life. The private connection among Literature and Cinema is one of the normal spot certainties which have been outlined over and over, both Social and scholarly life history. Writing is the most intriguing making of a scholarly craftsman dependent on the style and stategy of life. Life and the truth are the nuts and bolts of Literature. It’s a result of making of an abstract craftsman, went with his hypothetical and viable information, insight, contemplations and creative mind, where a craftsman makes his own energized world with reasonable occasions and episodes. As through the expressions of Mathew Arnold â€Å" Literature is the best record that is thought and Known in the world†, in the expressions of Satyajit â€Å"Literature was another road for the declaration of his innovative talents†. Film, a craft of indicating life of people and the particular happenings throughout everyday life, which writing celebrates, the real occurances as well as reflects in a romanticized structure, the guidelines of social idea and profound quality. Film/Movies, the most astounding, lighting up and captivating revelation of Science and Technology, where the credit goes to the American researcher ‘Thomas Alva Edison’. The tone of writing changes with the phases of society, way of life and the individual episodes, which portrayted and given an away from by methods for ideal embellishment in method of Films. These film/Vedio tapes are picked out of the American test custom to embody the different procedures of wedding the two expressions â€Å"Literature and Cinema†. Each normal occurrence before the writer, around him, in world is the main wellspring of expression, excites out his motivation and his innovative vitality that settles upon the center of the real world. This what further changed into sonnets, talks, tunes and books individually. The writer presents his capability, an outstanding formation of his creative mind and extravagant in the brain of the perusers, yet in Later Middle Ages with the development and advancement of dramatization drove the individuals to embody another type of craftsmanship, their extraordinary interest on signals and acting, Various types of show were performed dependent on various contents gives an away from the prominence of â€Å"Miracle† and â€Å"Morality† plays and â€Å"Interludes† before the approach of Elizabeathan show and writers. The sensational exhibitions depended on antiphonal singing, discoursed were composed and the potential outcomes were in Roman Catholic Church, with the coming of Elizabeathan dramatization, different plays of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Dickens and others followed, improving the English writing. Considering the idea of work of writing can be fathomed by methods for two phases, the specialty of perusing and the craft of appearing, in which the later changes verse, books, short stories into Cinema. The significant qualification between them lies as verse having a place with the specialty of articulation, while film/motion pictures the craft of appearing, however all in all the two of them don’t make effectively a decent couple. These movies and the vedio creators have responded to the call in any case to make a method of reacting the poet’s work, making unique artistic composition, bit by bit prompting the mysterious, diverting universe of amusement and the dream in films. Film, A proportionate to the style of language as when a novel, short story changed into a film, the primary important part comes the content. The content author could conceivably shape down the language of the novel so as to make a simple correspondence and comprehension to the crowd, chiefly appropriate in business films. If there should arise an occurrence of business films the novel or short story might be taken as a content yet it might be adjusted by the kind of crowd. The executive Overrules the entire cinematographic arrangement and drives away his workshop, handling all hindrances, making a perspective on life and reality, giving a bright likeness of a fantasy world blending with funny and awful successions with unmistakable and moving, stepping on toes, charming each other with charms of mouth, eye and psyche. At long last consummation with a praiseworthy peak. In this manner tuning in and perusing a poet’s work is similarly relative to survey and listening film maker’s work. Infact, Movies/Films are a director’s medium, as they reflect director’s own vision and his musings, however a reality goes about as a logical inconsistency and however debateable, by what means can a film be its genuinely literaray virtuoso ? As when an incredible work of writing is received and put on the screen by a chief, regardless of whether it will be valid or equivalent to the writer’s vision, as while changing it into a celluloid. With the origin of Cinema, Literature has pulled in all the innovative movie producers, pioneers in the realm of film, for example, Pramathesh Barua, Debaki Basu have put together their movies with respect to the prominent works of Sarat Chatterjee, Tarashankar Bandhopadhyay and others. Satyajit Ray’s â€Å"Pather Panchali† was the principal which brought International Acclaim, was entirely founded on the incredible work of writing of Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhopadhayay, Other than his Imaginative Creation Of Feluda, a Private Investigator, His nephew and abstract craftsman Jatayu, together creation â€Å"The Three Musketeers†, wandering better places, comprehending cases absolutely dependent on keenness likewise positioned on the screen-â€Å"Sonar Kella†[The Golden Fortress], Joy Baba Felunath [Mystery of the Elephant God] and some more. His Creation Of Professor Shonku a Scientific, secret spine chiller and Tarini Khuro, a courageous, riddle arrangement carry us to his creative mind, craftsmanship and proficiency. Film Meastro Tapan Sinha in his film â€Å"Kabuliwallah†, which is completely founded on Tagore’s story, have likewise struck the writer’s vision. Famous movie producers as Mrinal Sen, Kumar Shahani and Adoor Gopala Krishnan were condemned savagely when their abstract works are received yet recognized from the first work. Mrinal Sen’s Oriya film â€Å"Matira Manusya† in 1965, the principal Oriya film with an uncommon education yet needed to confront analysis because of the separation of proficiency work with the film. Godrad and Mrinal Sen consistently put together their movies with respect to the amusement of proficiency works of art. For this situation the thoughts and articulations of the producers get overshadowed so as to be consistent with the artistic works of art. Presently lifting the shroud of artistic works of art, there are numerous other famous incalculable great Indian movies were made just by interpreting crafted by Sarat Chatterjee, R. K Narayan, Banophool, Premchand, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay, Manik Bondhopadhayay and some more. It is undoubtedly a credit of the chief, making an interpretation of these spectacular works into films by improving the intrigue of the novel, doing an ideal equity to the writer’s work, potentially contributing a business support. Aside from this there are likewise enough commitment of the movie producers of abroad. Movies/Movies dependent on Shakesperean Comedy show â€Å"Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, â€Å"Twelfth Night†, â€Å"The Merchant Of Venice† and so on. Indeed, even Shakespeare’s catastrophes are changed in Movies-‘Macbeth’, ‘Hamlet’, ‘Othello’, ‘King Lear’ ‘Tempest’ and so on. Marlowe’s ‘Edward II’, Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’, Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’, Charles Dicken’s ‘Great Expectations’ and a lot more have been formed and given another look, very well known to our current age. Penny Gay keen in movie form ‘adaptation’ of works of art, especially of Shakespeare and Jane Austen: she is excited about free, creative, and wide-going instead of simpleton endeavors to make an interpretation of these attempts to the screen. She has directed a few Honors expositions in this field, and has encouraged a unit of study called ‘Shakespeare in the City’ which is totally founded on movie renditions. A nearby investigation on the movies of Premchandra and Saratchandra, we discover the characters and the circumstances are made in such a manner, it appears it shows up from present day. Mordern world are in the desire of loathsomeness, mystery,thriller Stories, suspence spine chiller, severe killings, demise successions focusing cycle a solitary reason †may b an individual, living in any condition, monsters and bugs, by any reason for logical or cataclysmic event, play a significant job in the realm of Cinema. Commertialy they as a rule do a tremendous measure of business. â€Å"Species 1& 2† shows how characteristic concequences takes a significant part in formation of another species, a living creature with in individuals. â€Å"Spiders and its Offsprings† â€Å"Arachnophobia†, Eight legged Freaks† gives an appropriate proof of how a basic imprudence can transform into a dread of death, a relentless end. Additionally in film â€Å"Final Destination†It is seen an alternate style of dread coming about death and its ensuing repulsions, with a wonderful bit of authenticity, blood damnation and unwavering soul of retribution incapacitated the crowd with fear. Mrinal Sen said â€Å"Cinema is never overawed by Literature† as he never put together his movies with respect to any scholarly bit of work nor he made an interpretation of any abstract work into films, yet he never moved away from writing. The Joyous components of writing consistently pulled in his vision. A little abstract of the work or novel is sufficient for him to deliver a film, as he belived â€Å"Cinema is a joint type of workmanship, as another type of craftsmanship, acquires thoughts from the old, making another exit plan from its bends and leads the way of progress as a medium. † Kevin Bacon Says â€Å"A great executive makes a domain, which gives the entertainer the support to fly†, H

Biography of John F. Kennedy Jr.

Life story of John F. Kennedy Jr. John F. Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960â€July 16, 1999), the child of President John F. Kennedy, was viewed as the beneficiary to one of Americas most prominent political traditions until his passing in a plane accident at age 38. In one of the most famous photos in American history, the 3-year-old Kennedy is seen saluting his dads coffin three days after the death of John F. Kennedy. Quick Facts: John F. Kennedy, Jr. Known For: Attorney, columnist, and child of President John F. KennedyBorn: Nov. 25, 1960 in Washington, D.C.Died: July 16, 1999 off the shore of Marthas Vineyard, MassachusettsEducation: Brown University, B.A.; New York University, J.D.Spouse: Carolyn BessetteKey Accomplishments: Criminal examiner in New York City, organizer and distributer of George magazine, and author of non-benefit Reaching UpFamous Quote: â€Å"People frequently reveal to me I could be an incredible man. Id rather be a decent man.† Youth John F. Kennedy Jr. was conceived on November 25, 1960 that month his dad, John F. Kennedy, was chosen for his first term as president. He turned into a moment VIP, in spite of his folks endeavors to give him as ordinary a childhood as could be expected under the circumstances. In spite of spending his initial hardly any long stretches of life in the White House, in any case, Kennedy later said that he had carried on with a quite ordinary life. Kennedy was the second of three kids destined to the Kennedys. His more seasoned sister was Caroline Bouvier Kennedy; his more youthful sibling, Patrick, kicked the bucket in 1963, two days after birth. On his third birthday celebration, in 1963, JFK Jr. turned into the subject of one of the most notable scenes in American history: remaining on a Washington road, wearing a dress coat, saluting his dads banner hung final resting place as it passed by on a pony drawn carriage while in transit to the Capitol. Kennedys father had been killed three days sooner in Dallas, Texas. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zThob62unIxEyUiQ2attLHiH1yQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/john-fkennedy-jrsaluting-his-father-s-coffin 515169800-5c256c1646e0fb0001b8b9a6.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/PuCbCRgenyGDoy1TDvNkruburkU=/1019x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/john-fkennedy-jrsaluting-his-father-s-coffin 515169800-5c256c1646e0fb0001b8b9a6.jpg 1019w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FASQ4MfGXFzEiE3_SfqQYTm54nE=/1738x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/john-fkennedy-jrsaluting-his-father-s-coffin 515169800-5c256c1646e0fb0001b8b9a6.jpg 1738w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3Zf0Tr3MRHhj3N5kNLdXtQuxee8=/3179x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/john-fkennedy-jrsaluting-his-father-s-coffin 515169800-5c256c1646e0fb0001b8b9a6.jpg 3179w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m60HPi4iHrRIQFkgf9hgpGXytfw=/4561x3179/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/john-fkennedy-jrsaluting-his-father-s-coffin 515169800-5c256c1646e0fb0001b8b9a6.jpg src=//:0 alt=John F. Kennedy Jr. Saluting His Father's Casket class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-12 information following container=true /> Bettmann Archive/Getty Images The presidents widow moved the family to the Upper East Side of New York, where JFK Jr. gone to a Catholic grade school. He later went to Collegiate School for Boys in New York and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Then, a great part of the American open trusted that the youthful Kennedy will join the political world that had just been molded by his family. Vocations in Law and Journalism JFK Jr. graduated Brown University in 1983 with a degree in American history. He at that point went to graduate school at New York University, graduating in 1989. Many considered his law degree a forerunner to a political vocation, however JFK Jr. rather went to work in the Manhattan lead prosecutors office for a long time. In 1995, Kennedy propelled a magazine, George, which mixed superstar and open issues. The magazine was intended to be a mass-showcase political diary, or, as one of its editors clarified, a political magazine for Americans killed by political magazines. Kennedy composed and filled in as editorial manager in-boss for George. Its distribution finished in 2001, after Kennedys passing. Union with Carolyn Bessette In 1996, JFK Jr. orchestrated a cryptic wedding to Carolyn Bessette, a style marketing specialist. The couple went to remarkable lengths to hide their pre-marriage ceremony from the general population. The wedding was hung on an island 20 miles off the bank of Georgia; they picked that specific island to some degree since it had no entrance by street or phone, and practically no housing. The open scholarly of their marriage seven days after it occurred. The couple had no youngsters. Demise On July 16, 1999, Kennedy was guiding a little single-motor plane headed towards Marthas Vineyard, with his better half and her sister installed. The plane collided with the Atlantic Ocean. The groups of the three accident casualties were found off the bank of Marthas Vineyard five days after the fact, on July 21. After one year, in 2000, the National Transportation Safety Board controlled the accident a mishap brought about by Kennedys inability to keep up control of the plane during a drop over water around evening time, which was an aftereffect of spatial confusion. The administration office said dimness and obscurity were factors in the accident. Heritage Kennedy was raised to maintain a scriptural section found in Luke 12:48: Of those to whom much is given, much is required. It was in that soul that, in 1989, he established a charitable rang Reaching, which helps low-wage wellbeing and human-administrations experts accomplish advanced education, preparing, and professional success. Coming to Up keeps on helping understudies pay for educational cost, books, transportation, kid care, and other instruction costs. Sources Blow, Richard. American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr. Henry Holt Co., 2002.Grunwald, Michael. â€Å"JFK Jr. Dreaded Dead in Plane Crash.†Ã‚ The Washington Post, WP Company, 18 July 1999, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy071899.htm.Seelye, Katharine Q. â€Å"John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty.†Ã‚ The New York Times, The New York Times, 19 July 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-beneficiary to-an impressive dynasty.html.

Sentence Structure Essay Example for Free

Sentence Structure Essay In developing a sentence, the author realizes what he has as a main priority. In any case, it isn't lovely for the piece of the peruser to peruse a sentence where the words contained don’t relate with one another. Development includes right sentence request, right structure and clearness. Action word tenses decide whether a move was made at the past, is being taken at the present, and will be taken later on. â€Å"At the time the big name went up the stage, the group cheers with such joy† has a conflicting tense since the main expression demonstrated a past tense. At the time the big name went up the stage, the group cheered with such joy† has a right development. â€Å"They must reflect real changes in time. † (Aaron, 2007, p. 209) A mind-set is a type of action word that tells whether the speaker is expressing a reality or posing an inquiry (characteristic), making a solicitation/order (basic), or communicating a notion/proposal or condition that is in opposition to a reality (subjunctive). Moves in state of mind, as a rule in basic structure, don’t make any consistency. â€Å"Open the seal totally, and shake it a long time before using† gives a total guidance to be finished. The voice of the action word decides the movement of the subject. In the dynamic voice, the subject is the practitioner; while in latent voice, it gets the activity done by another article. â€Å"Water gives nourishment for the plants; refreshment for individuals is given by water† is conflicting. â€Å"Water gives nourishment for the plants and refreshment for people† is right since they are both in dynamic voice. Action word tenses, state of mind and voice must be predictable in their structure all through the entire sentence to stay away from disarray and give lucidity.

College Essay Writing Service Secrets

College Essay Writing Service Secrets The History of College Essay Writing Service Refuted It's certain you are going to discover the assistance that you'd like to possess. Essays are demonstrated to become always an important portion of the education procedure for a considerable number of nations. College application essay, is a significant aspect as it assists the panel, choose the best students that show the proper type of motivation, for placement into a few of their programs. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for College Essay Writing Service Essay writing is merely one of the principal tasks which students must do by their own. If you haven't ever written an essay before, or when you struggle with writing and wish to boost your skills, it's a great idea to experience several actions in the essay writing process. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to better their credibility. 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The American Oligarchy and the Pretense of Democracy Essay...

The American Oligarchy and the Pretense of Democracy The Aristotelian view of democracy showed democracy as a supreme state of being, promoting equality more than anything. It allowed every person to have as much say in a government as any other person, and yet still allowed individuality to reign. To follow this path of true democracy is to follow the path to a perfect country. Yet America, which prides itself on being a truly democratic nation, is filled with corruption and extortion, nothing like the Utopia Aristotle portrayed. America is in the hands of a select few. A tiny fraction of the population holds any real political power, while the rest simply sit idly by. This goes against the very principle†¦show more content†¦Equality is one of the largest foundations of democracy, and yet those who are not fabulously wealthy or who have not spent all their life attempting to establish themselves as a politician have no chance of becoming a success ful one. According to Aristotle, Justice as understood in democracy is equality, but this considers only part of what is just; the same is true of the notion of justice in oligarchy. The American system of democracy is anything but equal. The original Bill of Rights was very clear about having one person represent many. The very first article stated After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred#8230; #8230;there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred#8230; #8230;there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. To have one person speak for numbers exceeding thirty thousand is certainly not democratic in its original sense. It is not possible for one man to properly ensure that the differing rights of thirty thousand people are upheld. This article was not ratified,Show MoreRelatedPolitical Warfare During World War I2009 Words   |  9 Pagesdemocrats against republicans, liberal rivaling conservatives. It is a war of earnings and disbursements that is set to shred the last string of the American democracy. A war amplified to its summit by crafty men of means and influences with their silent and anonymous donations and sponsorship. It is a war that has brought the rising insurgence of oligarchy in America. Going back the road, to the distressing aftermath of World War One, there arose many questions about progressive political coordinationRead MoreEssay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesits libertarian roots and has moved closer to an oligarchy ran by the few. In this way it is a government for the people, rather than by the people. One specific event has changed American politics forever, this was the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center. On this day, the United States came under direct attack by terrorists. In the months and years after, the government pounced on the opportunity to grow government under the false pretense of â€Å"security† through the Patriot Act and invasionsRead MoreCommercial Liens - a Potent Weapon Essay32374 Words   |  130 PagesCommercial Lien Strategy is a lien by Mr. Phil Marsh of the Pilot Connection against the President of the United States, the U.S. Congress, the Federal Reserve, and the Commissioner of IRS on behalf of all 250 million Amer icans (see Appendix B.6). For each of the 250 million Americans, the lien demands $10,000. If the lien were enforced, it would mean the government would owe the people $2.5 trillion, over half the annual Gross National Product. This class action lien will almost certainly never

Compare and Contrast Film Excalibur to Sir Thomas Malory’s...

Compare and Contrast Film Excalibur to Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur Literary works on the story of King Arthur and his cohorts is a story that had been narrated in several books and even modified in movies which typical illustrates the lives of the Arthurian legends. The story â€Å"The Excalibur† cannot be compared with any of the other versions of the Arthurian tales ever in history. Sir Thomas Malory’s version of the Arthurian tale took a French style and name in which some elements of the movie are quite different from the original versions of the tale. Nonetheless, the significance of the story was never reflected in any of the versions of the tale that had been told. Attempts had been made in reconstructing the historical†¦show more content†¦The source of the sword is also another point of divergence in the two stories. In the Excalibur, the source of the sword was not recognized but the account was made concerning his return into a stone (Lucy 257). But in Le Morte d’ Arthur, the source of the sword accounted for as it was given to King Arthur by the lady of the lake and it marks a symbol of authority to unify the empire after the demise of King Uther (Malory). Lancelot was compared in both versions of the tale. In the Excalibur, he took the centre stage due to his impact during the battle between the armies of Arthur and that of Mordred. But in Malory’s Le Morte d’, Arthur could be seen more as a traitor who wants to lure Guinevere into marrying by proposing to her after Arthur had engaged her hands in marriage. Arthur could be seen as the hero in both versions as the future of the kingdom solely rest upon his shoulders coupled with the support of the Lady of the Lake. However, some people argue that Lancelot is the hero due to his bravery. The events that were recorded in both stories differ in its interpretations. The issue of land disputes between King Arthur and Mordred was recorded differently. In the Excalibur, King Arthur was reluctant in allocating his share of the empire to Mordred and this led to series of dispute between both of them, While in Le Morte d’ Arthur, it was accounted that King Arthur was willing to voluntarily allot his share of the empire toShow MoreRelated Comparison of Two Films About King Arthur Essay3985 Words   |  16 Pagesas that of King Arthur and his round table, forever retold by each generation. Without question, the defining work of Arthurian Literature is Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur. Morte dArthur is a compilation of all the King Arthur legends that existed before Malory. Malory tried to bring all the stories together into one cohesive whole. Morte dArthur is a trove of stories about magical encounters and various quests that is loosely centered on the rise and fall of King Arthur. Since it was

International Marketing of Harvey Nichols Click Now to Get Solution

Question: Describe about the various aspect of the Harvey Nichols Company? Answer: Executive Summary This paper presented the several aspect of the Harvey Nichols. The purpose is to measure the marketing strategy for their ninth store in the Singapore. Harvey Nichols stated its store in 1831 in the London. Harvey Nichols produced men and women product such as fashion accessories, beauty product and food. So, all generation of people attracted from their product or services that would raise its sales volume and profit margin of the organization. This paper enables to determine the external internal, SWOT analysis, TOWS matrix, growth, competitive STP strategy, market entry mode and marketing mix of the Harvey Nichols. Singapore is the developed country that has multi-dimensional culture in it. So, it would provide good opportunity if they will open new store in the Singapore market. Introduction This paper described the various aspect of the Harvey Nichols Company. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the strategy for their ninth international store in Singapore country. This paper cover the external internal, SWOT analysis, TOWS matrix, growth, competitive STP strategy, market entry mode and marketing mix of the Harvey Nichols Company to start store in Singapore country. Because of this is enables to determine the international strategy for open new store in the Singapore. Indeed, Harvey Nichols established in1831 as store chain in the London. It sells men and women related fashion accessories, food and beauty products. (Crowe Rosen 2009) Harvey Nichol will be open ninth store in Doha in 2017 but if they planned to open new store in Singapore then what would be strategy that we would discuss below: Situational Analysis: Situational analysis looks to evaluate the micro, macro and competitor factor that affect the Harvey Nichols when they open store in the Singapore country. The objective of the situation analysis is to indicate the product position as well as survival of business. In the situational analysis we would discuss the external, market attractiveness and internal analysis of the Harvey Nichols. External: External analysis of the Harvey Nichols discusses the macro and competitors analysis. Macro analysis includes the political, economic, social, technological and environmental that is described below: Political: It is significant factor of the macro analysis of the Harvey Nichols. It indicates to government plan that which kind of goods and services they want to offer their public. Singapore is developed country so they would prefer consumer oriented product or service which can satisfy consumer needs or desires. (Yuksel 2012) Economic: This is important factor of the macro analysis of the Harvey Nichols. The rise of the Singapore economy determines the viability of business operation such as tax rule, exchange rate, tariffs and economic recession. These kinds of operation not only direct affect on the customer needs but also impact on suppliers and distributors. (Perrey Spillecke 2011) Social: Social environment includes total belief, practices, customer and behaviour. Social environment of the nation affect the Harvey Nichols Company. Because of different society people have different kinds of view and perception about the product. So, Harvey Nichols needs to deliver quality of product or services as per Singapore society people needs or desires. Harvey Nichols should divide society people generation as per their product variety. (Perrey Spillecke 2011) However, Singapore is a multi-cultural nation where Chinese, Malaysian and Indian culture living together with the Singapore people. Technological: It is very significant factor that affect the Harvey Nichols Company plan to start new store in the Singapore. If Harvey Nichols used online shopping technology for the Singapore customer that would helps to customer satisfaction because it would save many time to their customer. In the global competitive market, technology makes company to stable in the competitive market. Through use of technology, company can produce quality product with low price as compare to their competitors. Environmental: It is significant factor of the macro analysis of the Harvey Nichols. Environment of the company affect the productivity quality. If employee will get work friendly environment then it would raise the Harvey Nichols growth and development. So, Harvey Nichols should provide proper environment to their customers in Singapore plant. (Yuksel 2012) Internal: Micro analysis includes the customers, employee, supplier, shareholder, media and competitors that are described below: Customers: Customer is directly affecting the micro environment of the business. Singapore is developed country so people have high purchasing capacity so it is good as well as the Harvey Nichols sales volume perspective. (Nieman 2001) Employee: Expert employee can affect your business. So, Harvey Nichols targeted to hire qualified and experienced employees in the organization that would contribute in the Harvey Nichols succeed in the Singapore plant. (Van de Weerd et al 2008) Suppliers: Supplier plays significant role when you planned to open new store in the Singapore country. If supplier has capability to deliver the quality product or service in timely manner then it would help to fulfil customer needs in the abroad market. Shareholder: if we expand our business then we need more investment then organization should issue public share to collect money form market. Shareholder pressure to raise the profit margin will impact firm strategy. (Van de Weerd et al 2008) Media: Positive media can make firm while negative media can destroy the firm. So, Harvey Nichols needs to manage media for their success of expansion plan to open new store in the Singapore. Competitor: Competitor can affect the initial growth of the organization. So, Harvey Nichols needs to make stable as compare to their competitors in the Singapore market. (Nieman 2001) Competitive analysis described the potential strength and weakness of the competitors. Louis Vuittion is the main competitor of the Harvey Nichols. Both produced fashion accessories product in the market so it is very hard for the Harvey Nichols to compete with them. Both companies stated business in mid of 18th century and have strong market in the worldwide. Gucci is the main competitor of the Harvey Nichols consumer goods product items. So, they should produce high quality product with low price as compare to their competitors such as Gucci and Louis Vuittion. (Xu 2005) Market Attractiveness: Market attractiveness is the evaluation of the potential value of specific market. Market size, growth, pricing trends, intensity of competitor, overall risk and opportunity to different kinds of product are key elements that would to determine the market attractiveness. Due to these elements stability of the Singapore market, the Harvey Nichols will to open a store in the Singapore market. (Olsen 2015) Further, Singapore government promoted high level of saving and investment through central provident fund policies that would helps to raise their sales volume of the Harvey Nichols. Singapore has highest GDP ratio in the world around 400 percent in the 2008-2011 that is very attractive for the Harvey Nichols to open new store in the Singapore. (Wilson 2014) (Source: Olsen 2015) SWOT Analysis: It is useful tools to understand the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats. Here, we would discuss the SWOT analysis of the Harvey Nichols Company that is described below: Strength: Harvey Nichols brand has strong image in luxury items. So, it is able to attract rich people and they are capable to pay higher amount so it would raise the profit margin of the company. It has many products such as bags, cloths, belts for men and women that attract all kind of customer in the company is the main strength of the company because customer is king of the market. It was focus to expand its business every time in the global level that is main strength of it. It has existing distribution channel and sales networks. (Perrey Spillecke 2011) Weakness: Harvey Nichols dont have stores in emerging nations such as India, China and South Africa that is main weakness of it because these countries has long consumer market. Premium brand attract the rich customers only while company need all kinds of product so they will sold in all market so it is main weakness of it. (Dyson 2004) Opportunity: They can develop its brand image though new marketing and promotion strategies that is main opportunities. The company can extend its business through entering in developing and emerging market in the world. Threats: The main threat of the Harvey Nichols is to those other companies offering same kinds of product and services. Most of its brand product have similar product in the market that affect its sales volume and profit margin so it is threats of it. (Perrey Spillecke 2011) TOWS matrix: Harvey Nichols evaluated threat first. Because of some competitor of the Harvey Nichols produced same product that would harm the sales volume of the Harvey Nichols. After evaluation of threats, they need to evaluate the opportunity in the Singapore market. Harvey Nichols brand image contribute it to open new store in Singapore country. Harvey Nichols dont have store in emerging country such as China and India so they need to evaluate new plan to open store in the emerging country that would be strength of it. (Dyson 2004) Strategic Options: Strategic options take advantages of trends, facts, opportunities and threat of the outside world. It help you to evaluate the where your business now and what is further option might be available in the market for short, medium and longer term perspective. We would evaluate the growth, competitive and segmentation, targeting positioning strategies of the Harvey Nichols when they interred into Singapore market. Growth Strategies: Harvey Nichols focuses on produce fresh and stylish product for their Singapore customer that is main growth strategy of it. Singapore is developed countries so they prefer quality and fresh product in the market so Harvey Nichols focus new, stylish and fresh product because they offer beauty product, fashion accessories and food product those need style and freshness especially in developed countries such as Singapore. (Wong 2014) Harvey Nichols growth strategy in the Singapore market is to manufactured product as per requirement of the all group of the generation. Competitive Strategies: Competitive strategy is known as long term plan for specific firm in order to acquire competitive advantage of its competitors. Harvey Nichols decided to buy raw material from local market when they opened store in Singapore. Because of it would reduce its manufacturing cost so they can compete with their local competitors of the Singapore market. In the global competitive market, it is significant strategy to reduce its production cost as compare to their competitors. (Wong 2014) Segmentation, Targeting Positioning (STP): The STP process is significant in the Harvey Nichols Company. First, they need to segment the Singapore market into similar group such as 0-13 age group, 14- 25age group and 26- 40 age group and 40 to till death age group. Then, the Harvey Nichols must target the market that which age group Singapore market is more demanding for their product. Singapore is developed country and most of people belongs to 26-40 age group so they should focus on these age group people and make a plan to satisfied these age group people. After the target customer they need to focus on positioning the market. So, Harvey Nichols decided to open store in Singapore due to fast consuming market in the worldwide. (Havaldar 2005) Strategic Choice and Justification: Strategic choice is an option to select one from various choices of strategy for organization. So, the Harvey Nichols need to select Singapore consumer oriented to raise their new store in this area. Market Entry and Selection: Market entry is technique of delivering product and services to a target market. Exportation, licensing, franchising and joint venture are the modes of entry in the Singapore market. Harvey Nichols has several products in their retail shop and most of them are very heavy so they will open new store in the Singapore market. They could attract their customer because it would be available in lower cost due to local manufacturing of it. Harvey Nichols needs to get licensing from Singapore government to open store in Singapore. Through franchise distribution they can open store in the Singapore because they will support them. Harvey Nichols can open store in the Singapore through joint venture with some local companies. Out of them, Harvey Nichols should select joint venture entry mode for the Singapore ninth store because other options are not appropriate for new store in the Singapore. Harvey Nichols joint venture with local company of the Singapore region wo uld beneficial for new store in the Singapore. Because of it would reduce heavy investment in the initial stage. (Thompson Martin 2010) STP for chosen market: The STP plan to open ninth store in the Singapore market that they need to make strategy for their generation of people group. Which kind of product mostly used by which generation they need to segment market according to generation group. Harvard Nichols has many products such as beauty product; food, fashion accessories and many more so they need to segment first then the Harvard Nichols need to select the available market for their product. Out of product variety which kind of people or generation like them after that they need to implement their strategy which products are mostly used by people so Harvey Nichols need to manufactured as per required quantity. (Havaldar 2005) Marketing Mix: Marketing mix is technique used by marketers to support evaluating the brand offering. The 4Ps linked with marketing mix which is developed by E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960. In the 1970s, it was acknowledged by marketer that marketing mix must update. So, it extended in 1981 by Booms Bitner with three new elements of the 4Ps. These 7Ps of marketing mix is described below: (Source: Marc 2014) Product: The Harvey Nichols is retail Sector Company that has several products such as fashion accessories, food product and many more. Harvey Nichols need to adopt unique product features to attract their all generation of people. Product quality affects the sales volume of the organization. Harvey Nichols has branded product that helps to sell in the Singapore market. Harvey Nichols has planned to open store in the Singapore so they need to create product as per Singapore people needs or demands that would help to satisfy the Singapore people desires. (Marc 2014) Pricing: It is not necessary that product should be cheapest because customers are willing to pay little high price for something really works for them. In the global competitive market, price affects the consumer behaviour so Harvey Nichols needs to provide maximum quality in reasonable price because most of people are unable to pay high price in the world especially in the Singapore market. Place: Product should be available in every market where consumer can buy it easily. Harvey Nichols should produce all kinds of product in all regional area of the Singapore market. Due to easy availability people will buy easily from market that would increase sales volume of the Harvey Nichols in the Singapore store. (Masterson Pickton 2014) Promotion: It is very important element of marketing mix in the current competitive era. Harvey Nichols should adopt mail order marketing for promote their product in the Singapore store. It is cheap and directly affect consumer who use the product. So, initially stage it is good for the Singapore new store. (Liu 2001) Due to lack of promotion and marketing strategy many organizations was unable to compete with their competitors. People: Harvey Nichols needs to hire qualified people those can handle all conflict in the new Singapore store that would helps in success of the Harvey Nichols new branch in Singapore. The Harvey Nichols need to evaluate the Singapore people behaviour before open new store in this area that would help to satisfy need of the Singapore consumer. Process: Process is significant elements of the marketing mix. A well-designed process helps it to maintain the Harvey Nichols competitive position in the Singapore market. The process must ensure that all deliver services are same for every customer. (Masterson Pickton 2014) Physical: It is very significant elements in the global competitive market of the marketing mix. Harvey Nichols must provide physical evidence in their product for the Singapore people because he have plan to open a store in their place so local people will trust if they provides physical evidence about the product. (Marc 2014) Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that clear external internal, SWOT analysis, TOWS matrix, growth, competitive STP strategy, market entry mode and marketing mix strategy as well as ability to adopt new technology in the Harvey Nichols helps it to maintain its competition in the worldwide retail market. References Bivolaru, E, Andrei, R, Purcaroiu, GV, 2009, Branding Romania: a PESTEL framework based on a comparative analysis of two country brand indexes, Management Marketing, 4(4), 101-112. Crowe, LG, Rosen, SM, 2009, The Jimmy Choo Story: Power, Profits and the Pursuit of the Perfect Shoe, AC Black, London. Dyson, RG, 2004, Strategic development and SWOT analysis at the University of Warwick, European journal of operational research, 152(3), 631-640. Havaldar, KK, 2005, Industrial Marketing: Text and Cases, Tata McGraw-Hill Inc, New Jersey. Hay, GJ, Castilla, G, 2006, Object-based image analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36(4). Ibpus.com, 2012, Qatar Investment and Business Guide: Strategic and Practical Information, Int'l Business Publications, New York. Jackson, SE, Joshi, A, Erhardt, NL, 2003, Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications, Journal of management, 29(6), 801-830. Liu, G, 2001, Singapore: A Pictorial History, 1819-2000, Psychology Press, London. Marc, 2014, 7Ps Of Marketing Additional Elements Of Marketing Mix, view 16 April, 2015, from: https://www.entrepreneurial-insights.com/7ps-additional-aspects-marketing-mix/ Masterson, R Pickton, D, 2014, Marketing: An Introduction, Sage Publication Inc, London. Nieman, G, 2001, Training entrepreneurs and small business enterprises in South Africa: A situational analysis, Education+ Training, 43(8/9), 445-450. Olsen, E, 2015, Strategy Planning And The Market Attractiveness Framework, view 16 April, 2015, from: https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/strategic-planning-and-the-market-attractiveness-f.html Oxford Business Group, 2012, The Report, Oxford Business Group, London. Perrey, J, Spillecke, D, 2011, Retail Marketing and Branding: A Definitive Guide to Maximizing ROI, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Thompson, JL, Martin, F, 2010, Strategic Management: Awareness Change, Cengage Learning EMEA, New Jersey. Van de Weerd, I, Brinkkemper, S, 2008, Meta-modeling for situational analysis and design methods, Handbook of research on modern systems analysis and design technologies and applications, 35. Wilson, P, 2014, Challenges for the Singapore Economy After the Global Financial Crisis, World Scientific, Singapore. Wong, JO, 2014, The Culture of Singapore English, Cambridge University Press, London. Xu, J, 2005, Market Research Handbook: Measurement, Approach and Practice, iUniverse, New York. Yuksel, I, 2012, Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis, International Journal of Business and Management, 7(24), p52. Zimmermann, O, Schlimm, N, Waller, G, Pestel, M, 2005, Analysis and Design Techniques for Service-Oriented Development and Integration, In GI Jahrestagung (2) (pp. 606-611).

Marketing Role in Business Strategies

Writing an Email at College. Basic Rules

Writing an Email at College. Basic Rules Email Etiquette For Students The times, when you needed to talk to your professor face-to-face, discussing details of the assignment or asking for a piece of advice, have long gone! Now you can simply send an email and reach your professor in a blink of an eye (of course if he allows). In order to avoid misunderstandings and awkward situations, it is important to know the peculiarities of email etiquette. To simplify the process, we have collected the best tips for students of all academic levels and background. Just use them and become an email guru. To Send or Not to Send? Situations, when you can email the tutor or other college staff: You have faced an urgent problem, which should be solved without delays but the receiver is not in the office; You have a solid excuse for not attending the office in person. For example, you are out of town or ill; The question is very simple and requires a very brief answer; Your assignment can be sent via email. When you shouldn’t email your tutor or college staff: The problem is too difficult to be solved via email; Delivering assignment to the tutor, who made it clear that he doesn’t want to receive an electronic version of the paper; Asking for prolongation of the assignment; The topic of the letter is time-consuming and requires quite a long conversation. Appropriate Email Address If you want to get in touch with your professor, it is necessary to use a college email (if you have it) or make sure that your address is professional and appropriate if you are using another email provider. This will prevent you from feeling awkward, because contacting a tutor, using an email like [emailprotected] may is not the best idea. If your email address consists only of initials, you need to identify your personality in the letter. If your class is really big, you also need to specify details of the division and class to make sure the professor knows the sender. For example, this is Anna Kent from Chemistry class 9.30 – 10.30, division 002. Always Use the Subject Line Never neglect to fill in the subject line, as you will surely seem unprofessional. Writing an email, you need to make sure the subject line contains all the information on what your letter is about. If you don’t fill in this section, your email may end up in a spam folder. The system will simply recognize it as a random content and will find it not relevant. Contact Your Tutor Directly Instead of immediately starting the letter with your request, it is better to show your respect and set a professional tone for the whole email. Start your letter with ‘Dear Dr. Jones’ or ‘Good morning Dr. Richards.’ Be Polite Not depending on the reasons why you are writing the letter to your tutor, you must remain polite and calm. Never demand anything, don’t accuse your professor and don’t forget to use words like please or thank you. When working on the email, stick to professional academic style. Instead of slang, use a broader vocabulary. Remain Specific You need to remember that there are thousands of students in your school or college, so it is entirely possible that your professor gets tens or even hundreds of letters every day. He doesn’t have much time reading long and confusing emails, so it is important to make your letter brief and straight to the point. Make sure you concentrate on a single subject without any confusing details and irrelevant topics. Remain Positive It is quite easy to be wrongly interpreted, especially when you are sending an email and not talking face-to-face. That is why you should avoid using negative words and expressions not to seem depressed, scared or blaming professor for something. However, emoticons, smiley faces or winks are not appropriate if you are sending an email to your tutor or college staff. Mention Attached Files Most likely your tutor will open the attachment either way, but it will still be more professional to indicate what you have attached. Include the name of the file, its format and program’s version to the description. For example, It is attached: ‘Mr.SmithEssay.doc.’ This file is in MS Word 2016. The best format to send your attachment is PDF, which is compatible not depending on the operating system your professor uses. Letters of Problems and Complains Ideally, all of the negative aspects should be addressed during a personal meeting. However, if the problem can’t wait and your tutor is not in the office, you can write an email being very careful and attentive. Remember that you shouldn’t write the letter when you are angry, so before pressing the send button and regretting afterward, try to take some time to cool down. Proper Ending Never press the ‘send’ button right after writing the last sentence of your request. To make sure that your email is professional and appropriate, you should always end it in a respectful manner. Use such ending, as Thank you, Kind regards, Respectfully, Sincerely and add your full name. Every email provider has a Signature feature in the setting menu, where you can enter the text, which will be added automatically to every letter. For example: Sincerely, Amanda Boyle Proofreading and Editing Before sending your letter, make sure you reread it a few times to eliminate grammar and spelling mistakes. Your email must be academic and professional, and not as if you were sending funny puppy videos to your classmates. Once again check whether your email consists of full sentences contains no slang and abbreviations. When your email is edited, you can hit the send button. To establish and maintain positive relationships with your tutor and college staff, you need to pay careful attention to the etiquette, when writing emails. Mentioned above tips will surely help you with creating a professional, polite and specific email to reach any goal you may have.

Project 8 Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project 8 - Speech or Presentation Example These parameters generate secondary parameters such as total cost, total revenue, average cost, and marginal revenue. All of them are interrelated. This assignment studies the interrelationship of these parameters using two equations: inverse demand and average cost. The inverse demand equation is represented by p = 800 – q and the average cost equation is expressed by c = q + 100 + 500/ q. The following sections present the interdependency of the above-mentioned primary and secondary parameters of the price and demand relationship. The inverse demand equation is p = -q + 800. Therefore, the demand equation is q = - p + 800. This equation is coded in the Mathematica program to draw the 2D plot of the demand curve. The plot is drawn on the q-p plane; where q is independent variable quantity and p is the dependent variable demand. The plot is shown in Figure 2. Given Inverse demand function is p= -q + 800; therefore, Demand function is q = -p + 800. The formula for the calculation of Elasticity of demand is E = = *d(-q+800)/dq. This formula is coded in the Mathematica , which are shown below. The demand elasticity for price, p =1 is E = -1/799. Since E Given average cost function, AC = q + 100 + 500 / q. For total quantity q, the total cost function is TC = (q+100+500/q)*q= q2 + 100q + 500. Marginal cost, MC is the tangent to TC function, which is expressed as The MC function will be expressed through q variable. The solution is MC = TC’[1]. The solution is coded in Mathematica, which are shown below. We use the 3D profit function, f(π3D) = pq - q2 -100 q - 500. In this equation, p and q are independent variables. At the same time, for a given value of p there is a specific value of q. We find the values of q for p using p = - q + 800 equation. We assign p from 1 to 10 with interval 1. The 3D function and their arguments are coded in Mathematica. We have included a table of π3D = f (p, q)

Social networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social networking - Essay Example Over the years, social networking has replaced a great amount of the traditional, physical communication between people. This reveals that while there are numerous advantages of online social networking, there are also plenty of disadvantages. When someone communicates with a friend or family member over an online social networking website, their attention is often divided. They are usually watching television, eating, doing homework, talking to another person via another medium, or even a combination of the aforementioned. Even though the person they are speaking to is usually unaware of it, they are not getting the complete attention of their friend, who has found other things to busy themselves with. The same can even be said for the person being talked to. Physical communication, on the other hand, means that both people are being given the proper amount of attention. They may be engaged in other activities, but the physical presence of each person will prompt better undivided at tention. They will acknowledge that the other is there, thus allowing more focus on communication, as opposed to something else. Yet another downside of communicating through online social networking websites is that tone and emotion are often misconstrued.

American Housing and Global Financial Essay Example for Free

American Housing and Global Financial Essay To do this, lawmakers needed to understand what had happened, particularly because housing had until then seemed like such a bright spot in the US economy. The US housing â€Å"bubble† in the early 21st century In his 2001 letter to shareholders, Fannie Mae CEO Franklin Raines wrote, â€Å"Housing is a safe, leveraged investment – the only leveraged investment available to most families – and it is one of the best returning investment to make. Home will continue to appreciate in value. Home values are expected to rise even faster in this decade than in the 1990’s. His optimism was due in part to the importance Americans attributed to owning a home. The importance was reflected in Fannie Mae’s motto, which was â€Å"Our Business in the American Dream. † Raines was not alone in touting the advantages of housing as an investment. While house prices in particular region had suffered temporary declines at various points, average housing prices across the United States had risen fairly steadily since at least 1975 (see Exhibit 1). This trend accelerated in 1996, and reached about 12 percent per annum in late 2005 and early 2006. Many observers felt that this rise in prices was due in part to the Federal Reserve’s policy of maintaining low interest rates after the 2001 recession. In the period from 1980 to 2001, the Federal Funds rate (an overnight interest rate that bank charged each other and which the Federal Reserve targeted) had generally tracked economic conditions (see Exhibit 2). After 2001 and until July 2004, however, the Fed kept interest rates low in spite of signs of growth in output and prices. Perhaps fearing a recession that did not materialize, the Federal Funds rate was set to only 1 percent from July 2003 to July 2004. After this, anxiety about inflation seemed to gain the upper hand and interest rates were increased steadily, with the Federal Funds rate reaching 5. 25% in September 2006. A debate over house prices started around 2004. Some economists, such as Dean Baker, the co-director of the Centre for Economic and Policy Research claimed at the time that house prices were like a bubble ready to burst, and that the economy needed to brace itself for a loss of $2 to $3 trillion in housing wealth. Others felt that, even though increases in housing prices had far outstripped increase in residential rents, this was reasonable in light of the low interest rates. Even in October 2005, when it was common to hear mentions of a housing bubble, developer Bob Toll disagreed and complained â€Å"Why can’t real estate just have a boom like every other industry? Why do we have to have a bubble and then a pop? † Meanwhile, several economists pointed out that house price increases were concentrated in particular areas such as San Francisco and New York, where zoning restriction made it difficult to expand the housing stock. Professor Chris Mayer of Columbia University saw the attraction of these areas coupled with the inability to increase supply as allowing house prices in these areas to remain high â€Å"basically forever†. Nothing that Tokyo real estate was still more expensive than real estate in Manhattan, he stated: â€Å"There’s no natural law that says US housing prices have to stop here. None. † While house prices reached eye-popping levels in what Chris Mayer called â€Å"superstar cities,† construction was booming elsewhere. Cities like Phoenix, as well as many communities in Florida and around Los Angeles, saw such a torrid pace of construction that builders had difficulty even procuring the cement they needed. New houses in these areas were often snapped up by eager investors and newspapers relished reporting on individuals who managed to resell houses at a gain even before they took possession of them. According to Loan Performance Inc, more than 12% of Phoenix-area mortgages were obtained by investors in 2004, as compared to just 5. 8% nationwide in 2000. Home finance before the 1990’s In the United States, it was common to talk about the â€Å"Traditional† fixed 30 year mortgage. This instrument required the borrower to make a constant stream of monthly payments during the 30 year term of the loan. These payments were specified in advance; so the interest rate on this loan was fixed. Many of these traditional loans allowed borrowers to ‘pre-pay† their mortgages without penalty. When interest rates declined, borrowers often took advantage of this feature and refinanced their homes at lower rates. Savings and Loan Associations (Samp;Ls) already offered mortgages with constant payments before the Great Depression, though they were typically less than 12 years long. At the time, other lenders mostly offered short-term mortgages that needed to be refinanced because they had â€Å"balloon† payments at the end. During the Great Depression, many households went into default in part because this refinancing became difficult. One government response was to create the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), which made simultaneous offers to borrowers and lenders. If they both agreed, lenders received HOLC obligations in exchange for their claims against households, although this exchange required bank to recognize a loss on their assets. Households, meanwhile, freed themselves of their previous obligation by accepting new ‘self-amortizing’ mortgages with fixed payments whose terms were based on new assessments of their home’s worth. After WWII, banks and Samp;Ls originated many fixed 30 year mortgages and held them to maturity. The results were not always happy. When short-term interest rates rose in the early 1980’s, the yield on mortgage assets fell below the cost of paying depositors for their funds. This mismatch was one of the causes for the failure of about half of the 32,234 Samp;L’s that existed in 1986. Because the government insured the Samp;L’s depositors, it incurred considerable losses and had to set up a special institution to dispose of the failed Samp;L’s assets. The Samp;L crisis also boosted the securitization of mortgages by two governments sponsored enterprises (GSEs), Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae was originally created in 1938 as a government agency. Like Freddie Mac, a twin that Congress chartered in 1970, Fannie Mae eventually became a privately owned publicly traded company. Starting with bundles of mortgages purchased from mortgage originators, the GSEs created and sold mortgage-backed securities (MBSs), which delivered to holders the payments made on these mortgages. In exchange for a fee, the GSEs guaranteed the interest and principal on these loans. This meant that, assuming the GSEs remained solvent (or that the government came to their rescue if they found themselves in financial trouble), the only payment risk faced by the holders of these MBSs was the risk that the underlying mortgages would be repaid before they were due (Known as prepayment risk). Congress capped the size of the loans that GSEs could accept. In 2006, for example, the maximum loan for single-family homes was $417,000. To limit their credit risk, the GSEs used standards that were similar to those of traditional originators. To secure sufficient collateral, they took only senior mortgage and generally required the loan-to-value ratio (LTV) to be below 80 %. The LTV was computed as the ratio of the mortgage to the property’s market value at the time of origination. Before underwriting loans, the GSEs also looked at the borrower’s income and employment status, level of other assets, and history of foreclosures and bankruptcies. Consistent with the rules of GSEs, home lenders before the 1990s only lent to borrowers they deemed credit worthy, and generally required documentary evidence on these variables. Until the practice was penalized by a 1977 law, most lenders also denied mortgages to people living in certain â€Å"redlined† communities, where these were predominantly inner city neighborhoods with large black populations. An avenue that remained open to borrowers with problematic credit histories was to apply through conventional lenders for loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The lenders then had to verify that the loan met FHA requirements and the process for doing so was somewhat more time-consuming than in the case non-FHA mortgages. In spite of these standards, about 8 % of FHA loans were past-due in 1993, while the delinquency rate on standard mortgages was only 3 %. FHA loans were packaged into mortgage-backed securities by Ginnie Mae, a government owned corporation that dealt exclusively with federally guaranteed mortgages. Innovation in the mortgage In the 1990s new firms started to lend money to borrowers that did not qualify for ‘prime’ mortgages. Rather than lending directly, many of these firms sought the help of mortgage brokers to whom they paid commissions. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s list of lenders who specialized in such ‘subprime’ loans increased from 63 lenders in 1993 to 209 in 2005. Wall Street firms Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley all acquired such lenders, though all but Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns did so only in 2006. One obvious difference between ‘subprime’ and ‘prime’ loans was that the former had higher interest rates and fees. There was, however, no precise dividing line between the two, so that there was no consensus on how to measure the fraction of subprime loans. According to one definition, the value of these loans grew from about 1% of new mortgages in 1993 to 20% in 2006. At the same time, the FHA share dropped from 11% to 1. 9%. An independent analysis by the Wall Street Journal concluded that 29% of the home loans made in 2006 had high interest rates. A large fraction of these loans refinanced existing loans. In many cases, these refinancing loans increased the borrowers’ mortgage debt and thereby made it possible for households to keep some cash for other purposes. From being virtually unknown in the 1980s, Countrywide Financial became the largest mortgage lender in 2005. A 2003 government report showed that it was also the leading mortgage lender to minority homeowners, as well as one of the largest providers of home loans in low-income communities. When this report was released, Countrywide’s CEO Angelo Mozilo said: ‘We’re extremely proud of our accomplishments, as they clearly demonstrate our long-standing commitment to provide all Americans with the opportunity to achieve the dream of homeownership. These results underscore our ongoing efforts to discover new approaches to turn individuals and families into homeowners, to develop new loan products that reduce or eliminate the obstacles to homeownership and to make it easier for families to qualify for loans. Contrary to what had been standard practice in the past, lenders such as Countrywide did not offer the same interest rate to all borrowers. This customization was facilitated by the use of automated statistical models that predicted the likelihood of default on the basis of borrower characteristics. Interestingly, the first statistical tools that came into wide use were those developed by Freddie Mac (called Loan Prospector) and Fannie Mae (called Desktop Underwriter). These were introduced to make it easy for mortgage originators to know whether their loans would be acceptable to the GSEs, though their use expanded well beyond this purpose. One variable that played a key role in these models, and which had apparently been absent from previous methods of qualifying borrowers for mortgage, was the borrower’s credit score. While there were several approved commercial credit score formulas (regulators did not allow scores to depend on race, gender, marital status or national origin), the most popular one was the FICO score invented by the Fair Isaac Corporation. This score, which ranged from about 300 for poor credit risks to about 850, appeared to give considerable weight to the punctuality with which borrowers had paid their previous obligations. One reason these scores became important in mortgage applications was that studies by Freddie Mac had shown a strong correlation between FICO scores and defaults on mortgages in the pre-1995 period. One type of mortgage that became popular among subprime lenders was known as 2/28 because its rate was fixed for 2 years and then became variable for the remaining 28 years. This mortgage was quite different from adjustable rate mortgage (ARMs) offered to prime borrowers. The introductory rate on 2/28 was above the typical rate offered on 30-year fixed mortgages, whereas ARMs for prime borrowers had initial rates below those on fixed mortgage. Also, rates on 2/28s rose considerably when they were ‘reset’ after 2 years. According to the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Eric Rosengren, the average initial rate for subprime mortgages issued in 2006 was 8. 5% (when the conventional 30-year mortgage rate was below 6. 4%) and reset to 610 basis points above the 6-month LIBOR rate (which averaged about 5% in 2006) after 2 years. In the case of reasonable 2/28 mortgages, there were pre-payment penalties if the mortgage was pre-paid in the first two years but there was no cost associated with pre-paying right before the interest rate was reset. From the point of view of mortgage brokers, this arrangement was attractive because it ensured that many borrowers would refinance after two years, allowing brokers to collect new origination fees. Borrowers were also told that this arrangement was good for them because, if they made timely payments, their FICO score would improve and they would be able to refinance at a lower rate. There were widespread allegations that some borrowers in this period received home loans on terms that were substantially less favorable than those of conventional or FHA loans for which these borrowers would have qualified. It was also claimed that unsophisticated borrowers had been duped into signing mortgage that continued to have severe pre-payment penalties even after interest rates had been reset to high levels. A lawsuit in Michigan claimed that a mortgage broker working for a unit of Lehman Brothers ‘confused and pressured’ an elderly couple so that they would sign a loan whose interest rate would reach 17. 5%. Several borrowers told Federal officials that they had simply been laid to regarding their future monthly payments. What is certain is that some borrowers agreed to make payments that were impossible for them to keep up with over time. A 79-year old retired engineer named Robert Pyle, for example, moved from a $265,000 to a $352,000 mortgage in 2005 and cleared his credit card debts in the process. Almost immediately after signing the mortgage, which involved over $33,000 in fees, he found himself unable to cover the $2200 monthly payment. Terry Dyer, the broker who issued Robert Pyle’s mortgage said, â€Å"It’s clear he was living beyond his means, and he might not be able to afford this loan. But legally, we don’t have a responsibility to tell him this probably isn’t going to work out. It’s not our obligation to tell them how they should live their lives. † Some subprime loans required less documentation than was traditionally demanded. Instead of requiring proof of income of independent appraisals of the value of the home, some subprime mortgages were based only on â€Å"stated income† or â€Å"stated value†. Stated income loans were very convenient for borrowers who had casual jobs that were difficult to document, though they opened the door to fraud by both borrowers and brokers. Another dimension in which some subprime loans departed from traditional ones was in their down-payments requirements.

Biomedical research on animals Essay -- essays research papers fc

Heart attacks, bladder failure, and lack of medical cures are all very serious problems that are killing people today. How can doctors learn more about these medical difficulties? Through animal testing doctors can obtain valid results regarding these medical problems and create cures for people with many other medical difficulties. The progression of medicine and the day to day life styles of the general population rely on the ethical practice of animal testing. The alternatives to animal testing are not very valid. â€Å"Artificial testing with computer simulations, have not reached a technological level at which these simulations can be trusted to give a valid results to experiments(3).† Also, human testing has many restrictions and guidelines that make it almost impossible to perform tests on humans that could mentally or physically harm the subject. Therefore, animals provide a necessary involvement in the tests being performed today because there are no other reliable, valid sources for medical or cosmetic experimentation. Animal testing is imperative to the progression of medical cures, procedures and drugs. Animal research is constantly insuring the healthy future of others or a future at all for infants and children. â€Å"Recent advancements in biomedical research have led to better treatments for common childhood ailments(5).† â€Å"Today, vaccines developed through animal research have all but eradicated diseases such as small pox and polio and treat asthma, juvenile diabetes, childhood cancer and many other illnesses.(5)† This can be seen especially in the advancements of drugs used to cure and inhibit the HIV virus and diabetes. Today, doctors are able to â€Å"achieve long-term insulin independence in a small group of severely diabetic patients who had received pancreatic islet cell transplant, something previously achieved in experimental mice and primates but never before in humans(5).† Now people with sever even life threatening diabetes can receive relief from this dis ease. Without the necessary preliminary testing on mice, this procedure would not be possible. Think about it, a common rodent that people try to eliminate everyday is now saving peoples lives! But why animals? Are they really that biologically close to humans? Now some may argue that an animal’s anatomy is very different than that of a human’s anatomy, which is very true for the most part. H... ...ls are raised in a contained environment just like animals used for experimental research. Both food producing animals and animals used in experiments provide humans with life sustaining products. Animal testing is a way of life because it sustains and extends life and until there are valid alternatives, animal testing will remain an ethical, valid, and conclusive practice. Works Cited Animal Experimentation. 14 Jan. 2002 . Animal Research Fact vs. Myth. 14 Jan 2002 . Are There Valid Research Methods. 14 Jan. 2002 . Bad Company. 18 Jan. 2002 . Breaking the Diabetes Transplant Barrier. 14 Jan. 2002 . Fox, Michael Allen. The Case For Animal Experimentation. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986. End Notes (1)Animal Experimentation. 14 Jan. 2002 . (2)Animal Research Fact vs. Myth. 14 Jan 2002 . (3)Are There Valid Research Methods. 14 Jan. 2002 . (4)Bad Company. 18 Jan. 2002 . (5)Breaking the Diabetes Transplant Barrier. 14 Jan. 2002 . (6)Fox, Michael Allen. The Case For Animal Experimentation. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986. The Argument Over Animal Testing

Operational Budgeting and Profit Planning Essay

Introduction: Why Budget? While a budget planning is a laborious process it is crucial for the success of any company. The budgeting process forces managers to be proactive in planning for the future while fostering communication and coordination within a company. Different departments must work together in order to develop a proper budget. A properly formulated budget will aid to define a company’s objectives and provides guidelines to avoid wasted actions. Also, risk can be mitigated when objectives and action plans are clarified through the budgeting process. This article will identify the key components of a budget as well as the methodologies involved in the budgeting process. The influences of management behavior will be discussed followed by a brief example of bad budgeting practices and its consequences. Master Budget The master budget is a summary of a company’s plans that sets concrete targets for sales, production, distribution and financing activities. Companies prepare cash budget not only for operating activities but also for investing and financial activities. This is because management should be aware in advance of any borrowing needs and when loans can be repaid. Budgets are interdependent because the figures of one budget are conventionally utilized in the preparation of another. Budget estimates are dependent on the nature of the business, its products and services, processes, organization, and management needs. It is a detailed model of the firm’s operating cycle that includes all internal processes which is developed into a cash budget, a budgeted income statement, and a budgeted balance sheet. Advantages The Master Budget defines the organizations objectives and strategies. As well as allowing the company to realistically project future cash flows, it also smoothens the functioning of organizations operating cycle. Disadvantages Disadvantages of developing a master budget is that it is both time consuming and highly complex. However, it should be noted that the advantages of a proper Master Budget far outweighs the disadvantages. Components of the Master Budget The Sales Budget includes the forecast of sales revenue, sale units and sales collection in the future market conditions. The Purchase budget would include purchase of merchandise for sale and raw material for manufacturing. It is expressed in terms of sales dollars. The Selling Expense Budget presents expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with sales and distribution. The General and Administrative Expense Budget presents the expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with general administration such as the accounts department, the IT department, law etc. The Cash Budget summarizes all cash receipts and disbursements expected to occur during the budgeting period. After a company makes sales predictions, an organization uses information regarding credit terms, collection policy, and prior collection experience to develop a cash collection budget. Other items included are an allowance for bad debt, cash sales, sales discount, allowance for volume discounts, and seasonal changes of sales prices and collections. The cash budget shows cash operations deficiencies and surplus expected to occur at the end of each month, which is used to plan for borrowing and loan payments. Budgeted Financial Statements are pro forma statements that reflect the â€Å"as  if† effects of the budgeted activities on the actual financial position of the organization. It reflects the results of operations assuming the budget predictions. Budget Development in a Manufacturing Organization Manufacturing organization converts the raw materials into finished goods and sells it to the customer for consumption. It prepares the master budget before production to make the organization successful and survive in a competitive environment. For example, a Bicycle manufacturer will plan a Master Budget in the following fashion: A Sales Budget will be based on the anticipation of sales of the Bicycle and pricing policy, expected number of units to be sold and the revenue generated. Once the sales budget is completed the Production Budget will derive the total volume of Bicycle units to be manufactured based on the targeted sales and inventory required to maintain sales. For example, if the expected number of sales of Bicylces for the month of January is 500 units, the production budget will plan for 650 units (Sales projected (500) + inventory as per company s strategy (30%)). The Purchase budget will be obtained based on volume of Bi Cycles to be manufactured, material required to manufacture a single unit and the cost of materials. As per the above example, the material required for 650 units will be budgeted for the month of January. The Manufacturing Cost Budget will be derived from the cost of making 650 units of bicycles using the design of product and process used to manufacture while considering the raw material cost, direct labor cost and manufacturing over headed cost. Finalizing the Budget For efficient and effective budgeting two questions must be addressed: Is the proposed budget feasible? Is the proposed budget acceptable? To be feasible the organization must be able to implement the proposed budget. Possible actions include obtaining equity financing, issue long-term debt, reducing the amount of inventory on hand, or obtaining a line of credit. Constraints for infeasibility are availability of merchandise and production capacity for a manufacturer. When evaluating the budget, management must consider various financial ratios such as return on assets, profit margins, etc. The company must compare the return provided by the proposed budget, the past budget and industry average as well as the organization’s goals. Budgeting Methodologies Input/Output Approach Companies using the Input/Output approach calculate the required input or resources through estimating the potential output or performance. For example, if a microchip manufacturing plant requires 5 grams of metal to create one microchip and each gram costs $2, then each microchip costs $10 of material. Thus, a projected output of 1000 microchips would cost $10,000 and 5 kilograms of material. This approach is mainly used for industries with a measurable relationship between effort and return, such as manufacturing, service, and merchandising but is not compatible with industries that are inelastic to unit level changes. Activity-based Approach The Activity-based Approach is subset of the Input/Output which reduces the potential for error by determining cost through evaluating the cost of each activity in the manufacturing process rather than focusing on inputs such as machine or labor hours. Thus, the approach provides a more accurate picture of costs involved by providing costs at each level of production. It results in a more efficient budget by allowing the identification of the optimal set of activities. However, it is far more time consuming to produce. Incremental Approach A budget prepared using the previous year budget as a base with some percentage increase or decrease is called incremental budget. Budget  justification is to be given only for the percentage change not for the base amount (previous year’s budget). This type of budget is best suited for non-profit organizations, government organizations or in organizations in which the amount of output is weakly correlated to the money spent. For example, the Boston Public School budget for FY12 increased by 1.2% from the FY 11 and for FY11 it increased by 0.4% of the FY 10 budgets (OBM 2011, 2012). The increase in both budgets was justified as improving opportunities for English Language learners, arts and physical education, but not for their existing programs. The advantages of this budget are that it is easy to practice, quick preparation, stability and conflict avoidance between departments due to different budget approval. Some of the main disadvantages are there is no incentive to red uce expense as peopmsle are tempted to spend the allotted expense so that their future budget is not affected. Also, no room for innovative changes to the budget is given. Minimum Level Approach In this type of approach a minimum budget level is fixed for carrying out ongoing projects and activities and anything above the budget should be justified. For example, the R&D budget in a pharmaceutical company is fixed for ongoing projects and new projects must be approved by the management. Main advantages are ongoing projects will not be disturbed due to budget changes and last year budget will not be approved without revision as in the case of Incremental approach. The Minimum level approach is considered as Zero Level Budgeting in some organizations in which for every amount spent, justification must be (TWF n.d.). For example if an R&D department of an Electronics manufacturer puts forth many project proposals to the management , based on the market trend and project feasibility, the management will approve the most profitable project. Advantages of this method are that allocation of resources is very efficient and detects inflated budgets. However, this method consumes a significant amount of time and resources. Manager Behavior Top-down vs. Bottom-up In addition to macro methods of budgeting (Input/output, activity based, incremental, and minimum level) there is also a distinction between top-down/imposed and bottom-up/participative budgets. These two methods represent opposite extremes of a spectrum of which a company’s budgeting procedure may fall on any point. As the name suggests, a Top-down Budget is formulated by a small number of high ranking managers who make all decisions regarding a company’s objectives which are then received by the lower managers who implement the plan. Because only a few people are involved in the decision making, it is quick and saves time. It also avoids the cushion that is lower management tend to build into their budgets. However, because only a few people are involved in the decision-making process, those not involved may lack the motivation and commitment to properly implement the plan. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the Bottom-up process of budgeting. It begins at the lowest possible management level, whose budget plan is then integrated with the proposals at the next level. The process is continued until a comprehensive holistic budget is developed for the company. The Bottom-up process ensures that managers at each level clearly understand their roles in meeting company objectives. Therefore, budgets are usually far more accurate and employees are more committed to their self-made budget. However, inefficiencies tend to occur with a bottom-up process. Managers tend to provide a budgetary slack (understating revenues or overstating expenses) in order to provide a cushion against underperformance or unfavorable reviews. While this may cause inefficient spending, it can provide funds to reduce risky activities of which there is insufficient information. Budgeting Periods There are three types of budgeting periods used by companies: Fixed-length, Life Cycle and Continuous/Rolling Budgets. The type of period used is determined by the context of the budget. Most companies use fixed-length budgets determined at the beginning of a specified period. However, for single projects, a Life Cycle budget is more attractive, where a company  determines the budget for the entire project; especially if the project occurs within a period or over multiple periods. A continuous budget may be more useful than a fixed-budget as it forces managers to be continually updating their budget. Where a one-year budget plan is only available at the beginning of the year, a 4 quarter rolling budget requires managers to continually have a budget plan for a whole year at the beginning of each quarter, thus, sustaining the budgets relevancy. Forecasts, Ethics, and Open Book Management In addition to deciding methodologies of budgeting, a manager must also consider company forecasts, ethics and employee support. A manager must allow for the development of various forecasts and consider them during the budgeting process. Industry forecasts, such as economic conditions, as well as internal forecasts, such as collection periods, should be factored into the budget. Because ethical issues regarding budgeting are rarely illegal, there is a strong incentive to either pad the budgetary slack or overstate performance. Organizations should be firm in their rules against unethical behavior as it is easy to fall into a moral gray area. Finally, in order to properly motivate employees by gaining support for the budget, many companies have adopted an Open Book Management approach. The approach involves interacting with employees by sharing information and teaching employees to understand the relevant financial information. Sample Analysis A well formulated budget is crucial in order to facilitate a company’s operations. However, when a company’s budget is poorly formulated, it can have disastrous consequences. An example is OGX Petrà ³leo e Gà ¡s Participaà §Ãƒ µes S.A. owned by Eike Batista. At the company’s peak in 2009, it achieved an IPO of $3 billion (Spinetto et al. 2013). However, the company filed for bankruptcy on Oct. 30, 2013 with debts of $5.11 billion with Batista being sued for violations of disclosure ruels (Fontevecchia 2013). While its failure was due to a variety of factors, we will argue that poor budgeting  is a crucial factor. Within the petroleum industry, the exploration and production process is both a high risk and high expense venture where predicted outputs require complex calculations (Suslick et al. 2009). Even after production has begun, the projected output may change depending on a variety of variables (Katusa 2012). OGX had calculated potential output at 4.8 billion barrels and therefore invested heavily into the required infrastructure based on this estimate (Spinetto 2013). However, these decisions were made before the wells were operational which resulted in final outputs at roughly 50% of the initial amount (Katusa 2012). Management decisions at OGX were made by Bastista and a small group of managers and its inputs were based on an estimation of outputs (Katusa 2012, Spinetto 2013). In addition, performance was highly overstated due to â€Å"[Batista’s] tendency to shoot the messenger† (Spinetto 2013). Therefore, OGX should have adopted a bottom-up minimum level approach of budgeting as well as adopting a policy of reporting performance after confirmation. A bottom-up approach would have generated a much more precise picture of performance and costs while a minimum-level approach would have required confirmation of projected outputs before beginning operations at the cost of time. In addition, reporting performance after confirmation would have avoided any overstatements of performance. Conclusion To be successful in a competitive environment a company must develop proper Master Budget in order to promote proactive thought, communication and coordination within a company. It is also an important aide to planning and risk management. In order for a company to run smoothly, the Master Budget must balance all the variable constituents of a company’s operational activities. In addition, methodologies used, while utilized at the management’s discretion, should reflect the context of the company’s operations. As illustrated in the OGX example, failure to properly develop a budget can have catastrophic consequences to a company. References City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2011. Summary Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget_tcm3-16341.pdf City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2012. Summary of Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget%20A_tcm3-24767.pdf Easton, P.D., Halsey, R.F., McAnally, M.L., Hartgraves, A., & Morse, W.J. 2013. Financial & Managerial Accounting for MBAs 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Business Publishers. Fontevecchia, A. 2013. Death of the Brazilian Dream: Ex-billionaire Eike Batista’s OGX Files for Bankruptcy. Forbes, Oct. 30. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2013/10/30/death-of-the-brazilian-dream-ex-billionaire-eike-batistas-ogx-files-for-bankruptcy/ Katusa, M. 2012. Brazilian Oil Dreams Get a Sobering Reality Check. Casey Research, July 2012. Available at: http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/brazilian-oil-dreams-get-sobering-reality-check Spinetto, J.P., Millard, P., & Wells, K. 2013. How Brazil’s Richest Man Lost $34.5 Billion in a Year. Bloomberg Businessweek. (October): 60-65. Suslick, S.B., Schlozer, D., & Rodriguez, M.R. 2009. Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Petroleum Exploration and Production. Terrae 6 (1): 30-41.

Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Customer needs has been argued to be a major trigger for the need of change of management. Ian (2000) argued that an organisation that has to develop and maintain competitive advantage has to have clear mission of where it want to lead and develop strategies that would help it achieve its objectives including ways of managing changes require in achieving the objectives. The need for change management is supported the view of Hussey (2000) in that change is unpredictable and reactive may at times leads to organisational crisis if not managed. With the rise of Vodafone, business operations in the telecommunication sector changed as the company devised strategic ways of doing business and which enabled it capture a chunk of the market. Ooredoo did not see it coming until when it realised that Vodafone was slowly taking over the market. This led to Ooredoo in adapting to the reality of high competition and devised its own competitive strategies. Ooredoo is advantaged in that even before the rise of Vodafone, Ooredoo had already commanded a larger part of the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing change, Qatar Telecommunications - OOREDOO case study or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Besides, Ooredoo is backed by the government as the major shareholder (Ooredoo, 2014). In this regard, Ooredoo introduced significant changes especially on post-paid Shahry plans for mobile phones (Ooredoo, 2014). In addition, data allowances have also been increased for all plans. The plan to also have monthly charge for 4G services is seen as a strategy of retaining and attracting new customers. The strategy was aimed at counteracting the new low rates introduced by Vodafone and which was seen to advantage many subscribers. With such deliberations, it is indispensable to argue that Ooredoo’s need for change management has helped it stay in the course. Thus, improved services have been witnessed with the level of quality improving equally. Change in the systems perspective Ian, (2000) argued that organisational change is equated to system perspective either as an organic or a cybernetic model. In regard to organic model, change is viewed as a systematic adaptive response by the system to maintain its balance especially when subjected to a shifting environment. However, this model is viewed as a negative feedback by the system as it tries to strike a balance between the actual and desired conditions and the efforts put in reducing the disparity are critical for the maintenance of the balance of the system. In light of this, organisations can be viewed as systems in the organic model especially when confronted by situations that are not considered as desired situations, but in the actual sense, they are actual situations.